These data have come from community surveys and school surveys as well as laboratory studies. These changes become particularly pronounced from early puberty to late puberty (see Dahl & Lewin, 2002 Millman, 2005).Ī good deal of research has been conducted on the correlates of sleep disturbance and sleep deprivation among adolescents, in particular insomnia (for reviews, see Carskadon, 2002 Colten & Altevogt, 2006 Fredriksen, Rhodes, Reddy, & Way, 2004 R. Laboratory studies using longitudinal designs have documented consistent changes in sleep/wake architecture in adolescents ( Carskadon et al., 1980 Carskadon, 1982 Carskadon, Orav, & Dement, 1983). The combination of the phase delay, late-night activities or jobs, and early morning school demands can significantly constrict hours available to sleep ( Carskadon, 2002 Colten & Altevogt, 2006 Wolfson, 1996 Wolfson, 2002 Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). Transition to an earlier school start time, along with pubertal phase delay, significantly affect the quality of sleep, sleep-wake schedule, and daytime behavior. There is consensus concerning changes in the transition from childhood to adolescence that result in increased sleep deprivation in adolescence. Recent studies of adults find that almost one-fifth report insufficient sleep ( Kapur et al., 2002 Strine & Chapman, 2005). As many as one-fourth of adolescents report sleeping 6 hours or less per night ( Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). Roberts, & Chen, 2002 Terman & Hocking, 1913 Tynjala, Kannas, & Valimaa, 1993 Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). Studies indicate that many adolescents do not obtain adequate nocturnal sleep ( Carskadon, 1990a, 1990b Gau & Soong, 1995 Johnson, Roth, Schultz, & Breslau, 2006 Liu, Uchiyama, Okawa, & Kurita, 2000 Morrison, McGee, & Stanton, 1992 Ohayon, Roberts, Zulley, Smirne, & Priest, 2000 R.
Sleep deprivation, or short sleep, is sleep time less that the average basal level of 7–8 hours per night for adults ( Colten, & Altevogt, 2006) and about 9 hours per night for adolescents ( Carskadon, Acebo, & Jenni, 2004).
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